The Epidemic Of South Africa - 1815 Words

HIV is a virus that affects human immune systems making them susceptible to a variety of diseases that may prove fatal to the patient. Apparently the most affected by this disease are people who live in the developing countries and the African continent. The Sub-Saharan Africa faces the highest HIV prevalence rate. In this region, South Africa faces greater problems associated with HIV and the effects are vast and devastating. As such, the government, organizations and regional organizations come together to fight the menace. This paper seeks to propose that South Africa is actively engaged in HIV control by exploring the various ways in which it undertakes to control and prevent the long suffering of the infected persons as well as†¦show more content†¦Blood transfusion from an infected person to a healthy person is also a definite way of spreading the disease from one person to another (Bongmba 22). Moreover, it can be transmitted from mother to child. The cases of mother to child transmissions have been recorded to be contributing factors to infant mortality rates in the country. It is in light of this an array of educational programs are being initiated to educate people on the facts behind transmission and effects of the virus. This is one formidable way of countering HIV in South Africa (Mandela 11). As HIV/AIDS is a significant potential threat to family structures. The epidemic deprives families of their property and further impoverishes those who are already poor. One major social phenomenon induced by the epidemic is the increase in the number of orphans. The loss of income, additional costs related to health care, and the increase in health costs and funeral expenses lead many into poverty. HIV/AIDS is, therefore, an obstacle to economic expansion and social progress, especially because the vast majority of people living with HIV/AIDS in the world are between the ages of 15 and 24 years. AIDS diminishes economic activity by reducing productivity, increasing costs, redirecting resources, and diminishing skills. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the government of South Africa has formulated policies and legislations that go in harmony with the world health organization

Apples Success And Success - 1409 Words

APPLE SUCCESS METHODS 1 APPLE SUCCESS METHODS Success is a goal of every business. There are few companies that enjoy success the way Apple, Inc does. Fortune Magazine does an Annual ranking of the best companies by revenue known as the Fortune 500. Making it into these top 500 companies is somethin g that is truly to be coveted as being listed among this shows that you are part of the most successful business. In 2015, Apple made it into the Fortune 5 (Fortune 500 List) . Meaning that of all the companies and businesses that exist in the world, Ap ple was able to make it into the top five of the most successful companies. One can not guess the number of business that are in existence as there are far too many to†¦show more content†¦Their range of products is very limited. Their flexibility in customization is ve ry rigid. Apple, however, has been able to be one of the most successful businesses and has continually produced in demand products. What is it that makes a successful company? How is apple able to maintain this level of success? It is rarely that there is one thing that makes a business successful. This is how it is for APPLE SUCCESS METHODS 2 apple as well. What has made apple successful, are principles that can me any business successful if they are applied properly. There is no guarantee that any company would enjoy the l evel of success that apple has, but it does help a businesses chances. The elements that every business needs, which apple has successfully applied, to thrive include: Structure, Culture, Leadership, Human nature and motivation, decision making, strategy, and goals and objectives. Apple Inc. s Background and History The Apple story is one that has been told by many different people and is one that has become household lore in many different circles. The website, www.apple - history.com , gives a detailed, yet brief, overview of the history of Apple, Inc. On the site, the history of apple is broken down into eight sections, grouped by years. For the purposes of this paper we will breifly look over just four bro ad subjects.: The inception of Apple and the early years, the decline of Apple, the revival of

Language Acquisition Free Essays

Language is a systematic set of finite arbitrary symbols that are used to convey   Ã‚  information from a source to a receiver.   It is the most revolutionizing invention humans had ever made.   It made communication commit lesser errors, and be more accurate in sending information to a particular receiver. We will write a custom essay sample on Language Acquisition or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is also one of the universal and most dynamic creations of humans.   Every human in every culture, present or past, owns a particular language that is unique compared to other languages or even to the same language at a different time. People have always been able to communicate through speech, gestures, signs and other different arbitrary symbols.   This process is called communication wherein individuals and groups are able to express what they think and feel through different languages. On contrary, it has been said that language can only be either spoken or written, and is the primary source of communication.   It may be transmitted through learning based on learned associations between words and things.   Through it, people are not only able to share information but also, they are capable to share their cultures since language reflects culture too. The structure of language involves phonology, morphology, grammar and syntax. Phonology, considers the sound involved in language.   It is the range of possible sounds that a certain language utilizes.   These sounds do not have meaning on themselves as units.   Morphology on the other hand, deals with the combination of sounds to which they form meaningful words, phrases or sentences. These are the most basic units of language that have meanings.   Grammar is the rule in which sounds and words are to be put.   Grammatical rules include subject verb agreement and the like.   And last, syntax is the rule that governs how words should be arranged so that the information would be symbolized more accurately (Kotak, 2004). There are two aspects of communication. First is the ability to comprehend what others are trying to communicate and second, is the ability to communicate to others in a such a way that they can be understood (Hurlock, 1982). Communication requires two processes, encoding and decoding.   Encoding is when a source puts information into symbols, while decoding is the process wherein the symbolized information is turned back into conceptual information that can be understood.   There is also a concept called miscommunication wherein the information conveyed through a particular language was not decoded properly by the receiver, or that the information was sent to the wrong receiver. Considering infancy or babyhood years, it would be difficult for such babies to be understood.   And since learning to speak is not an easy task for babies, nature provides other means of communication until these babies are ready to speak. These other forms of communication are called pre-speech forms (Costello, 1976). Pre-speech forms comes in four developmental patterns of learning how to talk – crying, babbling, gestures and use of emotional expressions.   Crying is one of first few ways of an infant use as a form of communication.   Though adults do not always get an accurate interpretation of an infant’s cry, his cries are indications that he is trying to communicate. The different cries of a baby may indicate his hunger or pain.   Most babies learn that crying is a way to get attention before they are three months of age.   Also, crying is one of the indicators that an infant is learning.   When an infant cries, he may observe that he gets attention, and because he know that he needs attention, especially from adults, he would repeat this behavior.   And because of the repeated crying, the attention that adults give them becomes a positive reinforcer to his behavior.   With this, he learns that he can communicate with other humans with the use of crying. The previous behavior can also be seen as a springboard on which infants learn more complex forms of language, such as speech.   With pre-speech forms such as crying and babbling, he can communicate hunger or pain to adults, but when he wants to communicate their want to go out of their crib or to get a particular object they see on a distance, it would require for them to have a more complex instrument for communicating. This is evident in an infant from 3-7 months old.   The infant still cannot deliver speech, but has already learned that they can communicate through pre-speech forms.   When the baby gets hungry, he will cry.   When an adult extends both arms to gesture that he would want to carry the infant, the infant would either extend his arms if he wants to be taken or retracts if he does not want to be taken.   When a baby suddenly cries, an adult will not be readily able to understand why he is crying, but when an infant already knows how to babble some comprehensible morphemes, the caregiver would be able to tell exactly why the infant was crying. Babbling is another form of how a baby tries to communicate (Hurlock, 1982).   It can be seen as a â€Å"prototype language† which infants can use to communicate.   Babbling can also be seen as the epitome of all human languages, because it contains the simplest units of language, phonemes and morphemes. Children from different cultures babble before they are able to speak (Lenneberg, 1967).   Babbling is actually a stage of a child wherein he or she makes different sounds but are not recognizable as words.   Infants produce sounds that can be considered as basic parts of spoken language.   It often begins on the child’s 7th or 10th months of age (Oller, 2000).   This babbling stage of a child is often reinforced by parents wherein they recognize the child by smiling or repeating the word to which the child’s babble seem to sound like.   It is also reinforced when the baby gets what he wants when he does a particular behavior, for example, when he wants one of his parents to come, he can say â€Å"ma-ma,† or â€Å"da-da.† Gesturing, on the other hand, is a substitute that babies use for speech. This is done when children are able to say a few words and then combining these words with actions to complete their sentence or to be able to communicate to others. An example of this is a child who would say â€Å"no† and push his plate; this means that he does not like or want the food.  Ã‚   Babies can also use gestures to express emotions more.   Babies can show happiness by tapping, or show curiosity by gently touching an object. These gestures are still evident even when the infant grows up.   Most of the gestures that adults still use can also be seen in infants.   A person laughing hard may hit objects, like a table or his / her leg with an open palm.   This behavior can also be seen in infants.   The nodding and shaking of the head can also be seen both in adults and babies. And last of the four pre-speech forms is the so-called emotional expressions.   This is said to be the most effective pre-speech form of communication because of the expressive facial gestures used by babies to communicate to others.   It is also useful because babies are not capable of controlling emotions so it is easy to identify what they feel and babies also find it easier to understand what others are trying to tell them through their facial expressions than the words being used (Hurlock, 1982). Facial expressions are very powerful communicating instruments because of the existence of five universal emotions such as anger, fear, sadness, happiness and disgust.   All humans from different cultures can understand each of these emotions.   This may be the reason why infants have been given the skill to use these emotions and show these through facial expressions. Acquisition is defined as the phase where an individual learns a new skill (Mazur, 2006).   An infant can be said to have acquired a new learning when it starts using the skill to produce a particular effect.   It is said that infants who â€Å"know† how to use their crying to get the adults’ attentions have already acquired the knowledge of communicating. Association is when objects are linked or connected to one another.   In this process, the child is shown two objects from which he could identify one with the help of the other.   Learning through association also involves the number of times or the frequency of an object when paired to another.   Therefore, the more frequent two objects are paired, an individual would be most likely to associate them (Mazur, 2006). This can be seen when an infant associates hunger with crying, crying with the parent’s attention, and the attention with food.   This way, whenever the baby gets hungry, he will cry thinking that food will come next. A child learns language through parents’ reinforcement of making sounds such as babbling and cooing.   This reinforcement is often done through the so-called operant conditioning.   Reinforcement is defined as a stimulus that helps strengthen or lessen the behavior of an individual only if it is given after the specific behavior occurs.   In this case, the positive reinforcement is most commonly used wherein a child receives incentives or rewards if he did desirable things which would tend to be associated in his behaviors. Meanwhile, operant conditioning is a process wherein the subject has his or her behaviors modified through learning from the consequences of their actions. On the other hand, Noam Chomsky (1955) claimed that the human brain has limited set of rules to organize language making language have a common basis called universal grammar.   Chomsky had hypothesized that language is formed because of environmental factors.   This means language is shaped by the environment.   â€Å"One example of this is an operation that would move the second word of a sentence to the front, and thereby accounts for the fact that children tend not to try out sequences such as Of glasses water are on the table?† when they seek the interrogative counterpart of â€Å"Glasses of water are on the table. â€Å"Universal grammar is part of the knowledge that resides in the human mind of a person who knows a language. The science of linguistics tries to ascertain what constitutes universal grammar and what beyond universal grammar differentiates languages from one another† (Albert, n.d.). When a child grows up, he or she takes note of how he speaks and how he delivers different speeches. The child now learns by modeling by imitating the way adults speak and use language.   The choice of primary language is also determined by the language used by the parents. The child also becomes aware and conscious of his grammar and syntax as he communicates with others.   Grammar and syntax deal with the togetherness, order and arrangement of words.   The child also learns how to put words into different arrangements so that the child can communicate effectively. The Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area of the brain, both located at the cerebral cortex is important for language comprehension and speech production. If these areas would be damaged, an individual will not be able to understand any spoken language and would lose the ability to speak meaningful sentences (Mazur, 2006). References Albert, Michael. (n.d.) Universal Grammar and Linguistics. Retrieved 4 June 2007 from http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/grammar.htm Chomsky, N. (1955). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton Costello, A.J. (1976). Pre-verbal communication. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 17, 351-353. Hurlock, E. (1982). Developmental Psychology: A Life-Span Approach. Navotas: McGraw-Hill Inc. pp. 87-89. Kotak, C. P. (2004). Language and Communication. Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity. 10 ed. pp. 391- 414. Lenneberg, E.H. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. New York: Wiley Mazur, J. E. (2006). Learning and Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Oller, D.K. (2000). The Emergence of the Speech Capacity. Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum. How to cite Language Acquisition, Essay examples

Interface Design

Question: Describe that how interface design should be intended and why a particular interface is selected. Answer: Introduction This is an article for interface design magazine, in which we will describe that how interface design should be intended and why a particular interface is selected. Besides this, here we will discuss that how a particular interface design meets requirements of users and enhances their experiences and what are influencing factors of this interface design. In this article, we will also discuss about reasons behind this particular interface design and what are major factors that make this solution better than other interface designs. These are some important factors to discuss about interface design magazine in this report. Discussion We have designed a website for a business organization that deals with IT solutions. This organization provides services regarding web and mobile applications. This company wanted to make a website for selling its business products and services online and wants to connect with potential customers worldwide. This website will provide help to manage business online and both local and global customers can access information through this website. User interface of this website must be user-friendly, easy to use and understand. We have developed following user interface for website: As we can see that above given interface is easy to understand and simple. From this design, we can easily understand that front page is showing featured product and other important products and services that is provided by company to its customers. (Majmudar, U. Prabhu, G, 2016) How we have designed this interface and why we have chosen this Interface There are various ways to design a website. Website development framework are available such as Joomla, Wordpress etc. These are very easy to use website development frameworks and developers can easily make a website with the help of this. We have developed this user interface in Joomla. While making interface with help of Joomla, we have used following components of Joomla. Joomla Components This webpage we have made in Joomla framework which is considered good for making ecommerce websites. In this process of development, theme of Joomla theme, other small components and plug-ins for making an effective web page. Joomla experts are also required for handling successfully handle this process. It is not an easy process that is why experts can help to work with this framework. Wordpress and various other frameworks are also available that can be easily used by developers, but due to advanced features of Joomla, it is highly preferred. Different types of plug-ins such as login plug-in, plug-in for order summery and online shopping cart plug-in can be used with Joomla according to requirements. With the help of these components a better webpage or website can be made. In this way, we have designed this interface by using this effective framework of Joomla. Now further we will discuss about that why we have chosen Joomla for developing this user interface. We have used Joomla framework for developing user interface above website due to following reasons. Joomla is easy to use and consist of various advanced features that are required to develop an effective website. (net, 2016) In Joomla, various advanced components exist, that are required to develop an effective, secure and reliable website. Joomla is secured as compare to other available frameworks for developing websites. As we can see above interface for website and it is simple and easy to understand. This is main reason that we have selected this interface. In this interface images and content both are given, but images are easier way to understand purpose of website, its products and services. How Interface meets requirements of users The developed interface meets requirements of users or not, market and trends analysis are done. The commencement of business online and providing products and services to customers is not sufficient to do for business organizations. Without any analysis about market and its trends, it is impossible to do business into market. For customers satisfaction, it is very necessary to do. Before start designing of this interface, we have analyzed requirements of customers that what kind of interface they are highly preferred and considered reliable and easy to use. Then according to that we have made this interface. Therefore for attracting customers towards business products and services through online website, these above discussed points are necessary to consider. By properly analyzing market trends and demands of customers we have developed above discussed interface design. (Fadeyev, 2009). Which Factors Influences Design Every website design has influenced of some essential factors such as security, privacy and other hacking attacks. Here we will discuss briefly about these influencing factors for our website design and those must be taken on consideration by developers. Security It is an essential business policy. Through our webpage, we collect information from consumers when they purchase products and this information can be personal information of customers, account related information and credit card information of consumers for purchasing products and services. This data is transferred over internet and this data can be hacked by hackers. To get prevention form this, network security is necessary. Various security tools and techniques can be used such as use of Secure Socket Layer through i.e. SSL for hosting website on secure web server. Network Security Experts and developers are responsible for maintaining security of website and for handling technical problems. Privacy Customers information and business content must be protected by maintaining privacy of data. Our interface design consists of important information and that must be secured. While design this interface, we were careful about privacy of available information, therefore, we have provided unique login credentials to customers for checking their order summary etc. Only an authorized customer can view and modify its panel. This will prevent information loss and unauthorized access. The back-end security is also considered as here such as database security. Database protection is very much necessary because it consists of whole information that is taken as input from interface by users. For an ecommerce website, it is necessary to have a strong database. Privacy and security are considered to be important because companys customers and stakeholders requires security of confidential information and customers also response to website that provide full security for their contents. Internet Attack Issues There are various internet attacks those are encountered commonly. Virus, malware and denial of service attacks are commonly encountered by IT users. Through these attacks accessibility of users to website is lost. While designing a website, developers should be aware about every aspect that can violate security of webpage. Heavy loss of information, spreading of virus etc. problems can occur. Designing phase of website or webpage is very important and in this phase it is decided that data which security components can be successfully prevent our website from various vulnerabilities. Website developers must be considered above discussed influencing issues properly to get rid of problems of security, privacy and other vulnerable attacks. Now in next segment of this report we will discuss about similar interface from where, we have given idea for designing this interface. Similar Interfaces that given Ideas or Elements for this Interface Design To get an idea that how home page can be designed, we have taken reference of other joomla websites. The link of those websites are https://virtuemart.net/ and https://www.shopify.in/tour/ecommerce-website are two websites that we have visited. From these we got idea for design, color combination and functionality. These three aspects are essential for every website. Various other small elements we have also identified that we can use in our website. We dont copy any element or content, we have just taken idea for these things. We have also done modifications in it according to requirement. In this way we have designed our home page and further we will make further website. (Bogdan, 2016) Reasoning behind Developed Interface Design While working on this design of interface, we have considered various essential factors and according to that we developed this design. Those reasons are listed as below: Developers wants to design a reliable, secure and easy to use interface, so that customers can use this interface easily. This interface represents featured products in an effective way and it is necessary to attract customers towards online business. (Schroeder-inc.com, 2016) An interface should not be messy, so we have chosen simple. Otherwise customers cannot understand that what you are trying to say through website. Due to above listed reasons we have decided to develop this interface, in given design. Our company wants a solution through which they can represent their main business products and services in simple and sophisticated ways. Conclusion After this whole discussion we can say that websites design should be designed in a way that users can use it appropriately without any problem. Above discussed platform i.e. Joomla is better than other available frameworks. Joomla is selected due to its advanced and secured features. Besides this, above discussed security and privacy issues must be considered by developers before launching interface among users. The development process of a complete website or a single page is not an easy task to perform. Above discussed factors are important to consider. Developers and users both are responsible for maintaining security and privacy of information at their own level. Usage of advanced security techniques and tools must be used appropriately by developers and they should aware about risk factors that are related to security. With these goals and requirements, we have developed this interface design for our website. References Majmudar, U. Prabhu, G. Electronic Commerce Business Models: A Conceptual Framework. 13 Must-Know Articles About User Interface Design | Top Design Magazine - Web Design and Digital Content. (2016). Bogdan. ecommerce strategy. (2016). Schroeder-inc.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016, Fadeyev, D. (2009). 12 Useful Techniques For Good User Interface Design Smashing Magazine. Smashing Magazine. Formulating Your E-commerce Marketing Strategy. (2016). Slideshare.net.